{"id":5092,"date":"2020-07-16T09:07:52","date_gmt":"2020-07-16T09:07:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/?p=5092"},"modified":"2022-09-29T11:19:39","modified_gmt":"2022-09-29T11:19:39","slug":"la-parol-evidence-rule-y-la-clausula-entire-agreement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/la-parol-evidence-rule-y-la-clausula-entire-agreement\/","title":{"rendered":"La \u00abparol evidence rule\u00bb y la cl\u00e1usula \u00abEntire Agreement\u00bb"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Aunque un contrato se recoja por escrito, una de las partes puede alegar que no contiene todo lo pactado y que, adem\u00e1s de lo que consta por escrito, existen otras condiciones acordadas oralmente. En este caso, en Inglaterra y Gales se aplica la <em>parol evidence rule<\/em>, en muchos casos, complementada por una cl\u00e1usula \u00abEntire agreement\u00bb, que explico a continuaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/handshake-23611_1280-1024x717.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-5094\" width=\"395\" height=\"277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/handshake-23611_1280-1024x717.png 1024w, https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/handshake-23611_1280-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/handshake-23611_1280-768x538.png 768w, https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/handshake-23611_1280.png 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La <em>parol evidence rule<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La <em>parol evidence rule <\/em>establece que cuando un contrato se plasma por escrito, su contenido constituye todo lo pactado y las partes no pueden aducir pruebas extr\u00ednsecas (especialmente orales) contrarias a lo que consta por escrito. La causa de la que emana este principio es <em>Henderson v Arthur<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>El prop\u00f3sito principal de esta norma es crear <strong>certeza contractual<\/strong>. Sin embargo, pueden darse casos en los que es evidente que existen otros pactos aparte de los que contempla el contrato. Cuando el tribunal determina que existe tambi\u00e9n una promesa formulada oralmente, se crear\u00e1 un <strong>contrato secundario (o colateral)<\/strong>. En teor\u00eda, esto solamente suceder\u00e1 si se establece que la promesa es <strong>independiente <\/strong>del objeto del contrato principal y<strong> no contradice<\/strong> sus t\u00e9rminos, pero los tribunales no permiten que estas limitaciones restrinjan el uso de los contratos colaterales para evadir la <em>parol evidence rule<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p> Adem\u00e1s, la norma <strong>solamente se aplica a condiciones expresas <\/strong>(<em>express terms<\/em>) y <strong>no impide incorporar otras estipulaciones t\u00e1citas<\/strong> (<em>implied terms<\/em>) al contrato \u2014previstas en las leyes, por ejemplo\u2014 ni tampoco aportar pruebas extr\u00ednsecas para demostrar que existe un vicio en este (<em>mistake<\/em>) o se ha formulado una falsa declaraci\u00f3n (<em>misrepresentation<\/em>) para inducir la celebraci\u00f3n del contrato. Si una promesa expresada oralmente induce la celebraci\u00f3n del contrato escrito y este contiene alguna estipulaci\u00f3n contraria a ella, esta quedar\u00e1 reemplazada por la promesa oral (<em>City and Westminster Properties Ltd. v Mudd y J. Evans &amp; Son (Portsmouth) Ltd<\/em> v <em>Andrea Merzario Ltd<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>La cl\u00e1usula <em>Entire Agreement<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Para evitar que una promesa oral reemplace a una estipulaci\u00f3n recogida en el contrato por escrito y asegurar la aplicaci\u00f3n de la <em>parol evidence rule<\/em>, se recurre a la cl\u00e1usula \u00abEntire Agreement\u00bb. Un ejemplo ser\u00eda el siguiente, objeto de disputa en la causa&nbsp;<em>Axa Sun Life Services Plc v Campbell Martin Ltd<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>This Agreement&#8230; constitute(s) the entire agreement and understanding between you and us in relation to the subject matter thereof&#8230; this Agreement shall supersede any prior promises, agreements, representations, undertakings or implications, whether made orally or in writing between you and us relating to the subject matter of this agreement&#8230;&#8221;<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:30px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Esta cl\u00e1usula, que nos encontramos en muchos contratos anglosajones, ofrece certeza a ambas partes de que lo que se estipula por escrito es lo pactado. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Algunas se redactan de tal modo que admitan la interpretaci\u00f3n de que limitan o excluyen responsabilidad por una falsa declaraci\u00f3n (<em>misrepresentation<\/em>) o impiden que se incorporen condiciones t\u00e1citas. No obstante, como demuestra la jurisprudencia, <strong>la interpretaci\u00f3n que har\u00e1n los tribunales de este tipo de cl\u00e1usulas ser\u00e1 restringida.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>FUENTES<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Alcaraz Var\u00f3, E. y Hugues, B.&nbsp;<em>Diccionario de t\u00e9rminos jur\u00eddicos ingl\u00e9s-espa\u00f1ol<\/em>,&nbsp;<em>Spanish-English<\/em>. 8.\u00aa edici\u00f3n, ed. Ariel, Barcelona, 2005.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>&#8220;Entire agreement&#8221; clauses don&#8217;t always do what (you think) they say on the tin<\/em>, Lexology, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lexology.com\/library\/detail.aspx?g=c3c6c508-c2e3-4e61-a64f-7890c3b42c9a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.lexology.com\/library\/detail.aspx?g=c3c6c508-c2e3-4e61-a64f-7890c3b42c9a<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Poole, Jill,&nbsp;<em>Contract Law<\/em>. 13.\u00aa ed. Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2016.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aunque un contrato se recoja por escrito, una de las partes puede alegar que no contiene todo lo pactado y que, adem\u00e1s de lo que consta por escrito, existen otras condiciones acordadas oralmente. En este caso, en Inglaterra y Gales se aplica la parol evidence rule, en muchos casos, complementada por una cl\u00e1usula \u00abEntire agreement\u00bb,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[43,32,36,27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5092","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-entradas-en-espanol","category-ingles-juridico","category-traduccion-de-contratos","category-traduccion-juridica-ingles-espanol"],"modified_by":"Virginia P\u00e9rez Rom\u00e1n BA GDL MCIL CL","uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false,"sow-carousel-default":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Virginia P\u00e9rez Rom\u00e1n BA GDL MCIL CL","author_link":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/author\/wp_abg3bp\/"},"uagb_comment_info":6,"uagb_excerpt":"Aunque un contrato se recoja por escrito, una de las partes puede alegar que no contiene todo lo pactado y que, adem\u00e1s de lo que consta por escrito, existen otras condiciones acordadas oralmente. En este caso, en Inglaterra y Gales se aplica la parol evidence rule, en muchos casos, complementada por una cl\u00e1usula \u00abEntire agreement\u00bb,&hellip;","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5092","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5092"}],"version-history":[{"count":23,"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5092\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9417,"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5092\/revisions\/9417"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5092"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5092"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vprspanishtranslations.com\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5092"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}